Analysis was built-up thru into the-home interviews in the T1 (seven th grade) and you will T3 (a dozen th values) as well as the telephone during the T2 (nine th stages) using the same procedures. Interview endured an average of couple of hours in the T1 and T3, and another time from the T2. Interviews had been conducted individually having fun with laptops and you may bilingual interviewers comprehend all the questions towards the users and you may inserted their answers directly into the computer. Getting participation during the T1 and T3, parents received $100 and you may $125, respectively; teens obtained $forty to possess participation during the T2.
Methods
Every actions was in fact pass translated to your Foreign-language and you will right back translated on English because of the independent somebody to own regional Mexican dialect (Promote & Martinez, 1995). A 3rd local Foreign language audio speaker examined the translations and you will inaccuracies was resolved by the lookup party.
Family relations Records Advice (T1)
Mothers and fathers stated to their knowledge membership and you will domestic earnings. A journal conversion process was used in order to home earnings to correct to have skewness, and a mixture get was created having SES by the standardizing and averaging mothers’ and you will fathers’ academic profile and you can family income (? = .76).
Familism Beliefs
Teenagers complete the fresh new 6-item subscale of your Mexican American Cultural Values Size (Knight mais aussi al., 2010) examining supporting familism values. Teenagers ranked circumstances (elizabeth.g., “It usually is crucial that you be joined because children”) having fun with a great 5-point measure, between (1) firmly disagree so you can (5) strongly agree. Points were averaged to make the new familism results with large ratings demonstrating higher amounts of familism. Cronbach’s alpha is .76.
Parent-Teenage Warmth (T1, T2, T3)
Adolescents advertised for the amount of warmth within matchmaking having each of their moms and dads (at the separate affairs throughout the interview) utilising the 8-goods Children’s Statement away from Parental Conclusion Collection (Schwarz et al., 1985). An example product is actually: “My mom/father can make me feel better just after speaking more my anxieties which have her/him.” Each one of the points are rated into good 5-part level ranging from (1) almost never in order to (5) typically. Issues was basically averaged to produce a measure score, having high ratings demonstrating a whole lot more warmth out-of moms and dads. Brand new reliability and you will authenticity with the size has been created with North american country Western youth in the English and you may Spanish (Knight, Tein, & Layer, 1992). To possess adolescents’ love having mothers and fathers, respectively, Cronbach’s alphas was indeed .84 and you will .89 at the Time 1, .ninety and you may .91 on Big date 2, and you may .94 and you may .94 in the Time 3.
Friendship Intimacy (T1, T2, T3)
Teens finished 8 affairs (age.grams., “Exactly how British brud much can you go to your best friend for information or support?”). Points was indeed rated toward a good 5-area scale (1 = definitely not, 5 = very much) and you can averaged to make a complete get. Large score shown highest relationship intimacy. The brand new psychometric characteristics for the scale have been reported with North american country Western young people (Updegraff, Madden-Derdich, Estrada, Haase, & Leonard, 2002). Cronbach’s alphas was .84, 89, and you can .84 having T1 – T3, correspondingly.
Parent-Teenage Immigration Reputation
Mothers reported if they and their 7 th grader were born in the U.S. or Mexico, and fathers reported their own country of birth. Immigrant parents reported their length of U.S. residence at T1, and immigrant youth reported on their length of U.S. residence at T3. The length of U.S. residence was subtracted from each family member’s age to calculate each family member’s age at immigration to the U.S. Based on prior research (Rumbaut, 1997; Stevens, 1999), age 6 was considered the critical age of immigration for youth as they would have entered the school system at the same time as their U.S.-born peers, and age 12 was considered the critical age for parents as they would have experienced some schooling within the U.S. system. The parent-adolescent immigration status measure was created such that dyads in which both parents and youth were born in the U.S. or immigrated before their corresponding critical period were given a score of 1 = U.S.-raised; dyads in which each person was born in Mexico and immigrated to the U.S. after their critical period (i.e., age 6 for youth and age 12 for parents) were given a score of 2 = immigrant; and dyads where youth were born in the U.S. or immigrated before the critical period and parents were Mexico-born and immigrated after their critical period were given a score of 3 = mixed-status. See Table 1 for sample breakdown and background characteristics of each group. ANOVAs were conducted to test for parent-adolescent immigration status differences in parents’ education levels, household income, years living in the U.S., and youth’s familism values (see Table 1 ). In addition, significant chi-squared analyses revealed differences in T1 home interview language preference for mothers’ language, ? 2 = , p < .001,>
