The purpose of that it job is to learn the effect away from reproduce and you will years for the egg creation while the eggs exterior and you will internal high quality from inside the five Italian twin-objective types , in the beginning and several days later on than earliest months putting activity you to definitely happened, respectively, after summer/beginning of fall and also in cold weather, around varying ecological criteria.
2.step 1. Animals and Rearing Conditions
Five Italian poultry types, Pepoi (PP), Ermellinata di Rovigo (ER), Robusta Maculata (RM) and you can Robusta Lionata (RL), have been believed for the data. The human body lbs out of adult female are step one.twenty five kg inside PP, 2.30 kilogram inside Emergency room and you can step three.05 kilogram in RM and you can RL. The origin is the Veneto area (Italy): PP was a classic local reproduce; their source are old back into brand new XIX century, however, no appropriate data to the the genetic provider occur. Additional types manufactured during the Veneto in the 1950s: the fresh Emergency room reproduce originates from Sussex (shaded eggshell breed) and you can Rhode Island (brown eggshell breed) types, whereas on RM and you will RL types, Brown Orpington and Light America, a couple of brownish eggshell breeds were utilized . Plus the mature pounds, these types of types differ in their plumage colour: it’s golden from inside the PP, Er suggests erminate plumage, RM plumage is actually predominantly light that have black colored extremities a number of countries of one’s human anatomy, black colored feathers out of primaries and tail and RL reveals a beneficial tawny plumage having black colored feathers regarding primaries and you will end. All of the breeds (Profile S1) let you know single comb and put shaded eggshell eggs (Shape S2).
2. Information and techniques
Wild birds out-of for every single reproduce hatched at the same time (last half from elizabeth ranch of the Heart to possess Poultry Biodiversity Preservation about Veneto region (it routinely provides for the newest rearing of them breeds also are you aware that egg design having incubation and you can brooding), in the North Italy (45°02?53? N), out of hatching to the pubertal years and you will from the laying months, which been throughout the avoid regarding summer toward beginning of trip (Figure step one), with respect to the reproduce. Serving, rearing conditions (photoperiod, temperature) and you may prophylaxis steps was the same on the four types, ever since regarding hatching on the avoid of the analyzed several months, that was inside , on 53 days of age. New freshly hatched chicks was remaining indoors within the basic cuatro days off lifetime, at an environmental heat coming down of thirty two so you can 24 °C, significantly less than infra-yellow light lights, to the litter. On step one.5 weeks of age, the fresh wild birds received free usage of outside areas, out of spring to autumn and wintertime. For each and every breed (sixty hens) had totally free entry to outdoor (5 m dos /bird) room (armed with linear drinkers), where hens lived all day long, and indoor (4 hens/m dos ) room (wood shavings and you may straw litter, which have perches and you will circular feeders), used mainly for putting egg (cumulative nests) and at evening; the room (interior and you will backyard) offered to per breed was separated of the netting.
At the beginning of putting (at about 22 months of age on reproduce that have prior to onset of putting), in Sep–Oct, according to the breed, the photoperiod is actually natural and coming down, depending on the season as well as the geographical standing of your own trial channel in the Northern Italy (on average, 12L:12D), and also for the 2nd period (out-of 38 months of age, out of December so you’re able to 53 days old), phony white is actually gradually increased (in the interior space, filament-based light bulb, on 60 lux) locate good photoperiod regarding 14L:10D. This new photoperiod was controlled by the a timer, therefore are attained by switching on new white an hour in advance of dawn and you will turning off they one hour just after sundown. The brand new external environment temperature are 10 ± 3.cuatro °C and you may eleven ± 3.0 °C, correspondingly, to the first (right away off October on prevent out-of November) therefore the 2nd (right from the start from January for the prevent out of February) laying attacks, if the research to your yield abilities and you may eggs quality was accumulated. The newest dogs were given advertisement libitum industrial nourishes based on the emotional stage (three varied commercial feeds when you look at the growing period). To your first putting stage (26–33 days of age, lower than coming down absolute photoperiod), when the types already been installing, the fresh birds received a professional pelleted offer (PG = 16%, Me = eleven.8 MJ/kilogram, California = step one.1% kostnad fГ¶r en postorderbrud, P = 0.6%) and you may maize (PG = 9.1%, Me personally = 13.eight MJ/kg), during the a ratio of just one:step 1. It’s worthy of recalling you to, at that many years, just the twin-mission and you can tinted eggshell breeds displayed a changeable onset of installing and you may eggs design speed, while the brand new hens of the most other kinds of the fresh Conservation Center having Biodiversity and you will hatched at the same time of your own examined types, such as the white eggshell breeds, don’t initiate installing (Padovana breed) or it showed a highly scant installing passion (Polverara breed), never reaching the tolerance regarding ten% hen–go out egg design. The reason behind the option of the new Conservation Center, never to explore a rss feed to own putting hens throughout the this period, was because of maybe not pressuring brand new pullets to help you egg manufacturing throughout a season which have decreasing heat and you can photoperiod. This new birds became outdoors, below favorable criteria for skeletal wellness, travelling ground and significantly less than solar power light. On outdoor space per breed, the clear presence of lawn available to the fresh birds are large during the new increasing period than just in the start of laying, hence occurred pursuing the summer-time, in the event the rain is scarce and you may did not accommodate an effective grass regrowth. Off 38 in order to 53 weeks of age, and you may around growing photoperiod, the newest hens was in fact given a professional pelleted supply to have putting (PG = 16%, Me personally = eleven.5 MJ/kg, Ca = cuatro.2%, P = 0.6%). Every feeds comprised generally away from maize and you can soybean.
